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[[Chunks]] * Introduction [#iee878fa] Asian Institute of Technology Language Center, Writing up research: introductions(http://www.languages.ait.ac.th/el21int.htm )を参考にしています。 #contents ** Establish the field by: [#ya1300b7] *** Claiming centrality (why this field of study is important) [#lb367765] - Very explicitly now, energy policy is addressing environmental issues and energy conservation ''has come to be regarded as an important element of'' environmental policy (Fukasaku, 1995). [Lee and Koh, 2002, p.1151] - ''According to the current situation,'' concern for environmental preservation ''has increased the demand for'' more efficient management and environmentally sound and sustainable development of nuclear energy. [Lee and Koh, 2002, p.1151] - ''Thus, the problem of'' how to manage spent fuel in the interim, before a permanent solution is agreed upon, ''is an important issue for'' all countries that use nuclear power. [Macfarlane, 2001, p.1379] - Approaches to learning and the complex interaction of the environment, personal factors, and opportunities ''are known to affect'' undergraduate learning. [Delva, M.D. et al., 2002] - ''The importance of'' the media ''is all the greater in times of'' crisis that are liable to drag the United States into military intervention (Edwards & Wood, 1999; Morris, 1997). [Auerbach, 2005, p.84] - ''Consequently, it seemed imperative to examine'' how the main elite newspapers in the USA related to the Bosnian crisis and to what extent have they influenced US policy toward it. [Auerbach, 2005, p.84] - The press ''is considered one of the most'' influential institutions in society (Vincent, 2000), which most of the public depend on as a main source of information (Taylor, 2000). [Auerbach, 2005, pp.84-85] - No citations -- ''Recently, there has been growing interest in'' ... -- ''The possibility of'' ... ''has generated wide interest in'' ... -- ''The development of'' ... ''is a classic problem in'' ... -- ''The development of'' ... ''has led to the hope that'' ... -- ... ''has become a favorite topic for analysis'' ... -- ''Knowledge of'' ... ''has a great importance for'' ... -- ''The study of'' ... ''has become a important aspect of'' ... -- ''A central issue in'' ... ''is'' ... -- ... ''has been extensively studied in recent years''. -- ''Many investigators have recently turned to'' ... -- ''The relationship between'' ... ''and'' ... ''has been investigated by many researchers''. -- ''Many recent studies have focused on'' ... *** Moving from general to specific [#zba2b51e] - These problems ''can be classified as'' internal and external barriers. [Kasje, W.N. et al., 2005] *** Reviewing relevant items of previous research [#zbea1c3f] - ''The literature on this subject is divided as to'' the degree and manner of influence of the media on formulation of government policy (Bloch & Lehman-Wilzig, 2002; Edwards & Wood, 1999), but ... [Auerbach, 2005, p.83] - ''Some earlier studies portrayed'' the WP ''as'' a liberal paper (Jamieson & Campbell, 1997; Page, 1996), consistently supporting democratic candidates ... [Auerbach, 2005, p.85] - No citations --''It is generally acknowledged that''.... --''Many studies have examined that''.... --''As is examined/explained by''.... ** Define a research problem by: [#ra559576] *** Indicating a gap [#yf98ae23] - ... the lack of domestic energy resources''; however, it has not yet determined'' the nuclear energy policy relating to recycling or direct disposal of spent nuclear fuels. ''So it is necessary to develop and apply'' an appropriate environmental management tool ... . [Lee and Koh, 2002, p.1151] - ''To our knowledge, no study has tried to assess ''the relationship between (A) and (B). ''Better understanding of this relation may help to indicate areas in which'' an intervention could be most beneficial. [Kasje, W.N. et al., 2005] - ''There is little empirical research to show that'' this is the approach used by practising physicians. [Delva, M.D. et al., 2002] - ''Surprisingly, not much academic work has been done about'' these important newspapers'', hence the need to fill this lacuna''. [Auerbach, 2005, p.85] - No citations -- ''Although considerable research has been devoted to'' ...'', rather less attention has been paid to'' ... -- ''However, it remains unclear whether'' ... -- ''It would thus be of interest to learn how'' ... -- ''If these results could be confirmed, they would provide strong evidence for'' ... -- ''The findings suggest that this approach might be less effective when'' ... -- ''It would seem, therefore, that further investigations are needed in order to'' ... -- ''The research has tended to focus on'' ..., ''rather than on'' ... -- ''These studies have emphasized'' ..., ''as opposed to'' ... *** Raising a question [#i46aaf21] *** Extending previous knowledge [#a222a2e1] - No citations -- ''These recent developments in'' ... ''clearly have considerable potential. In this paper, we demonstrate'' ... -- ''The literature shows that'' method A ''is a useful technique for'' ... . ''This paper uses'' method A ''to'' ... *** Counter-claiming (disagreeing with an existing/accepted approach) [#y1538906] ** Propose a solution by: [#eb4a462b] *** Outlining purpose/setting objectives [#u76496cc] - For that, ''a systematic research process is needed. This article is part of that process''. [Galtung, 1990, p.291] - ''This study sought to analyze and compare'' the patterns of coverage of the Bosnian crisis by the '''Washington Post''' and '''New York Times''' (hereafter WP and NYT). [Auerbach, 2005, p.84] - No citations -- ''The aim of the present paper is to give'' ... -- ''This main purpose of the experiment reported here was to'' ... -- ''This study was designed to evaluate'' ... -- ''The aim of this investigation was to test'' ... -- ''Our primary objective in this paper is to provide'' ... *** Announcing present research (methodology) [#p3f27402] - Frames and metaframes ''were used as main tools for analyzing'' the ways of conceptualizing the Bosnian crisis. [Auerbach, 2005, p.84] *** Announcing principal findings (results) [#gb037988] *** Indicating the structure of the research [#d7f0ef48] - No citations -- ''The dissertation consists of six chapters. The first chapter, namely the present chapter, addresses the background, objectives and structure. This is followed by a description of the research methodology. And then, the third and forth chapters profile'' ... ''and'' ... ''respectively. After that,'' ... ''are predicted and implications are offered as well. Finally, conclusions are made to summarise whole dissertation and present implications for future research.'' -- ... ''This is extended in the next chapter, the literature review, which focuses on'' ... . -- ''Following this, the method and the framework, which'' ...'', are illustrated in the research methodology chapter.'' -- ''Finally, the fourth and the fifth chapters focus on'' ...'', and conclusions are drawn to summarise the whole dissertation and offer'' ... ''and implications for future research.'' *** Indicating directions for further research [#m70a1f8b] - ''One place to start would be to clarify'' 'cultural violence' ''by searching for'' its negation. [Galtung, 1990, p.291] *** Indicating benefits of current research [#gf7d9278] - ''The study of'' cultural violence ''highlights'' the way in which the act of direct violence and the fact of structural violence are legitimized and thus rendered acceptable in society. [Galtung, 1990, p.292] - To address the spent fuel storage issue, this paper will provide such a cost comparison. [Macfarlane, 2001, p.1380] - Although the case presented in this paper specially addresses the situation in the United States, ''this analysis will provide a template discussion that is applicable to'' the situations in other countries. [Macfarlane, 2001, p.1380] - ''The discussion in this paper should clarify'' the costs to be paid ''and will suggest alternative solutions to'' the spent fuel problem. [Macfarlane, 2001, p.1380] - No citations -- ''This paper reports on the results obtained'' ... -- ''In this paper we give preliminary results for'' ... -- ''The present work extends the use of the last model by'' ... -- ''The primary focus of this paper is on'' ...
